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Detail of historic writing on an old parchment-like manuscript

How to Care for Parchment and Vellum Documents

Care & PreservationDate Published
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Parchment and vellum are prepared animal skin, not paper. Their collagen structure responds strongly and unevenly to moisture; sheets may cockle, shrink, become translucent or suffer gelatinisation.

First assessment

Photograph the whole object and vulnerable details before handling. Record dimensions, materials, marks, labels, cracks, losses, distortion, corrosion, staining and previous repairs. Decide whether deterioration is historic and stable or active: fresh debris, spreading powder, new cracks, tackiness, odour, dampness or change between photographs demands attention.

Do not humidify, flatten, wash, tape or laminate parchment at home. Water damage and mould require rapid professional advice.

Safe handling and examination

  • Support the entire document on a rigid board.
  • Turn pages or leaves slowly, avoiding seals and folded edges.
  • Use stable archival enclosures that do not force the sheet flat.
  • Limit light and maintain a stable moderate environment.

Prepare a clear route and padded work surface. Remove jewellery and loose clothing that may catch. Composite objects must be supported according to their weakest part, not their strongest-looking handle or mount. Keep detached material in a labelled inert container; even tiny fragments can guide later treatment.

Environment and display

Stability matters more than chasing a universal number. Avoid rapid relative-humidity change, direct sun, radiators, exterior damp walls, leaking pipes and strong air currents. Light damage is cumulative, especially for organic colourants, feathers, photographs, textiles and lacquer. Reduce exposure and switch display lighting off when it is not needed.

Use inert, acid-free or otherwise conservation-suitable supports chosen for the material. Avoid PVC, ordinary cardboard, newspaper, pressure-sensitive tape, rubber bands, open-cell foam of unknown composition and bare wood shelving. Do not seal an object while damp.

Cleaning and treatment boundaries

Cleaning permanently changes a surface. Dust only if every layer is secure, using a soft brush toward a screened low-suction vacuum while keeping the nozzle away. Do not proceed if fibres, paint, corrosion, enamel, lacquer, skin or coating lifts or powders.

Household polish, metal dips, oil, bleach, detergent, steam, aerosol cleaners and proprietary 'restorers' can remove evidence or leave damaging residues. Test methods belong within a documented treatment plan. The aim is stability and retention of original material, not a uniformly bright or new appearance.

Pests, mould and hazards

Organic collections should be managed through inspection, good housekeeping, quarantine and monitoring traps. Record the insect or evidence before treatment; routine pesticide application can contaminate objects and people. Isolate suspected activity in a way that does not trap damaging moisture.

Historic collections can contain arsenic, mercury, lead, pesticides, mould and unidentified animal material. When hazard is plausible, restrict access and obtain competent advice rather than sampling or cleaning casually.

Documentation and legal checks

Keep acquisition details, provenance, condition images, invoices, treatment records and permits together. Wildlife-derived material and cultural goods may be subject to sale, possession, import or export rules. These rules change and vary by jurisdiction; consult current official guidance for the precise species, object and transaction.

When to call a conservator

Seek specialist help for active corrosion, flaking or lifting surfaces, mould, pest infestation, water damage, broken structural parts, hazardous residues, regulated materials or any intervention involving solvents, heat, humidification or dismantling. Preventive care is successful when it slows change without erasing the object's evidence.

Sources and further reading

  • [Canadian Conservation Institute Notes](https://www.canada.ca/en/conservation-institute/services/conservation-preservation-publications/canadian-conservation-institute-notes.html)
  • [The National Archives: handling documents and seals](https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/visit/researching-here/handling-documents/)
  • [UK Government: exporting art, antiques and cultural goods](https://www.gov.uk/guidance/export-art-antiques-and-cultural-goods-special-rules)
  • [Victoria and Albert Museum conservation resources](https://www.vam.ac.uk/info/conservation)